Ho:YAG

Ho³⁺离子的辐射波长接近2100nm，位于人眼安全波段，在大气中具有很高的透过率，在遥感探测、激光测距、激光雷达等领域具有重要的应用前景。同时，2100nm位于人体组织高度吸收的水分子吸收峰。医用Ho激光在人体内的穿透深度只有几十微米，对人体周围组织的热损伤很小。因此，它被广泛应用于医疗手术和治疗中。Ho激光也可用作泵浦源，通过晶体（如ZGP晶体）的非线性效应，可以实现波长为3～5mm的红外激光。

特点

材料	Ho: YAG
浓度公差（atm％）	0.2% ~3%(根据客户要求)
取向	<111>结晶方向
平行性	<10”
垂直性	<5”
表面质量	符合MIL-O-13830 B的10/5划痕/凹陷
波前失真	λ/8每英寸 @633nm
表面平整度	λ/10@ 633 nm
通光孔径	>90
厚度/直径公差	直径棒：（+ 0，-0.05）mm，（±0.5）mm

晶体结构	立方
晶格常数	12.01Å
密度	4.56g/cm³
熔点	1970°C
导热系数	14W/m/K, 20°C; 10.5W/m/K, 100°C
抗热震性	790W/m
热光学系数（dn / dT）	7.3×10^-6/ K
热膨胀/（10^-6•K^-1 @ 25°C）	[100]:8.2×10^-6/K@ 0~250℃; [110]:7.7×10^-6/K@0~250℃;
热膨胀/（10^-6•K^-1 @ 25°C）	[111]: 7.8×10^-6/K@0~250℃
硬度（莫氏）	8.5
杨氏模量/ GPa	3.17×10⁴Kg/mm²
剪切模量/ Gpa	310GPa
消光比	>28dB
比热	0.59J/g.cm³@0-20℃
溶解度	不溶于水，微溶于普通酸
泊松比	0.3

激光跃迁	⁵I₇→⁵I₈
激光波长	2.05μm
有效受激吸收截面	1.09×10^-20cm²
有效激发发射截面	1.14×10^-20cm²
泵浦波长	1908 nm
激光波长	2090 nm
荧光寿命	7 ms
量子效率	1
折射率@ 1.030μm	1.82
上转换损失系数	1.8, 2.6, 5.3×10^-18cm³/s

[1] Duan X M , Shen Y J , Yao B Q , et al. A 106W Q-switched Ho:YAG laser with single crystal[J]. Optik – International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, 2018, 169:224-227.

[2] Wang Y P , Dai T Y , Wu J , et al. A Q-switched Ho: YAG laser with double anti-misalignment corner cubes pumped by a diode-pumped Tm: YLF laser[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology, 2018, 91:8-11.

[3] J. Pokorný and O. Köhler and T. Hanuš and P. Koranda and H. Jelínková and M. Němec and M. Urban and R. Grill. C82 Urinary calculus and artificial sample fragmentation during Er:YAG and Ho:YAG lithotripsy in vitro[J]. European Urology Supplements, 2009.

[4] Antipov O L , Zakharov N G , Fedorov M , et al. Cutting effects induced by 2 μm laser radiation of cw Tm:YLF and cw and Q-switched Ho:YAG lasers on ex-vivo tissue[J]. Medical Laser Application, 2011, 26(2):67-75.

[5] Mcdaniel S A , Berry P A , Cook G , et al. CW and passively Q-Switched operation of a Ho:YAG waveguide laser[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2017, 91:1-6.

[6] Li J , Chen Q , Wu W , et al. Densification and optical properties of transparent Ho:YAG ceramics[J]. Optical Materials, 2013, 35(4):748-752.

[7] Kaczmarek S M , ?Endzian W , ?Ukasiewicz T , et al. Effects of gamma irradiation and annealing treatments on the performance of Cr;Tm;Ho:YAG lasers[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 1998, 54(13):2109-2116.

[8] Zhao, T, Chen, et al. Effects of Ho3+-doping concentration on the performances of resonantly pumped Ho:YAG ceramic lasers[J]. OPTICAL MATERIALS -AMSTERDAM-, 2013.

[9] W. X , Zhang, and, et al. Fabrication, properties and laser performance of Ho:YAG transparent ceramic[J]. Journal of Alloys & Compounds, 2010.

[10] Sidorowicz, Agata, Nakielska, et al. Fabrication and optical studies of transparent Tm, Ho:YAG ceramics[J]. Optical Materials Amsterdam, 2015.

[11] M, Falconieri, and, et al. Fluorescence dynamics in an optically-excited Tm,Ho:YAG crystal[J]. Optical Materials, 1997.

[12] Yang Y , Ye L , Bao R , et al. Growth and characterization of Yb:Ho:YAG single crystal fiber[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology, 2018:85-89.

[13] Yang X T , Mu Y L , Zhao N B . Ho:SSO solid-state saturable-absorber Q switch for pulsed Ho:YAG laser resonantly pumped by a Tm:YLF laser[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2018, 107:398-401.

[14] Bagayev, S. N , Osipov, et al. Ho:YAG transparent ceramics based on nanopowders produced by laser ablation method: Fabrication, optical properties, and laser performance[J]. OPTICAL MATERIALS -AMSTERDAM-, 2015.

[15] Yuan J H , Yao B Q , Duan X M , et al. Resonantly pumped high power acousto-optical Q-switched Ho:YAG ceramic laser[J]. Optik – International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, 2016, 127(4):1595-1598.

[16] Edvardsson S , ?Berg D . The energy matrix using determinantal product states applied to Ho:YAG[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2000, 303(none):280-284.

[17] Jiang, Zhang, Zhenguo, et al. Tunable single-longitudinal-mode operation of a sandwich-type YAG/Ho:YAG/YAG ceramic laser[J]. Infrared physics and technology, 2016.